Rock–Oil–Brine Dominant Mechanisms in Smart Water Flooding
نویسندگان
چکیده
Recent research has highlighted wettability alteration as the main consequence of different mechanisms involved in technologies such adjusted brine composition water flooding (ABCW) and low-salinity (LSW). However, studies are still needed to give a phenomenological explanation, most influential components system (rock–oil–brine) must be clarified. This work focuses on determining relevant variables for smart effects occur. Static (contact angles) dynamic tests (coreflooding) were conducted. For static tests, aged Berea slices, specific crude oil (27° API, 10.5 cp at 60 °C), mono divalent inorganic salts (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+/Cl−) used 3 concentrations 1000, 3000, 5000 ppm (ionic strength variation between 0.015 0.06) establish state by measuring contact angles system. When containing chloride evaluated, decrease was observed ppm. At 3000 1000 ppm, tendencies depended particular cation. Three brines selected from angle experiments coreflooding assays, considering design identify ion exchange rock–oil–brine The first assay carried out absence baseline determine rock, second test considered provide insight into its effect displacement efficiency. Capillary electrophoresis this novel contribution systematic study it proven powerful tool understanding involved. results show that variations detected effluents product interactions oil, since measured phase comparable those injection brine. Significant effluent determined used, increases pressure differentials KCl CaCl2 brines. These suggest oil–brine (salting in/out) represents mechanism explain efficiencies differential pressures. ionic enrichment due salting in/out needs better understood.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Energies
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['1996-1073']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042043